Quantification and Profiling of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey, Herbal Medicines and the Tissues of Lappula squarrosa

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Plant and animal-derived products have been part of human diet since time immemorial. However, recent reports of the presence of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in some of these products have raised concerns of their potential hepatotoxic, pneumotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in both humans and livestock. This study therefore aims at quantifying and profiling PAs in honey, herbal products and the tissues of Lappula squarrosa, using LC-ESI-MS/MS, in order to ascertain their potential health risk.