Integration von Mini-BHKW in die Niederspannungsnetze von Deutschland und Kasachstan (English shop)

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This study provides a theoretical examination of the interrelations involved in integrating micro-CHP units into low-voltage grids, using examples from Germany and Kazakhstan. For closer investigation, an urban grid from Germany and a rural grid from Kazakhstan are selected on the basis of the grid data made available. For the German grids, the replacement of night storage heaters by micro-CHP units and an intelligent integration of distributed generators into the low-voltage grid are considered. The challenges in the Kazakh grid concern voltage stability and grid losses. Transferring the experience gained from the introduction of distributed generators into low-voltage grids in Germany is helpful for the planned modernisation of the Kazakh grids. The effects of distributed generators on voltage stability and losses in low-voltage grids are investigated.

As a basis, the types of energy supply systems—such as the supply of electrical energy from large power plants, combined heat and power systems and micro combined heat and power plants—are compared with one another, and the grid structures, consumer types and primary and final energy sources used in generating electrical and thermal energy in both countries are examined.

After establishing the differences between the grids under investigation, the consumer types in both grids are analysed, and peak loads, simultaneity factors and power coefficients are calculated and compiled for further load flow calculations.

The integration of micro-CHP units into the investigated low-voltage grids of Germany and Kazakhstan is carried out in accordance with heat-led operation. Further considerations require thermal load profiles of multi-family houses and electrical load profiles of the low-voltage grids. The thermal load profiles for multi-family houses are determined in accordance with the VDI 4655 standard. In order to apply the load profiles according to the VDI 4655 standard to multi-family houses in Kazakhstan, climate data from various locations in Kazakhstan are compared with German climate data. Standardised load profiles (VDEW standard load profiles) are used as grid load profiles for both grids.

For a consistent consideration of the load profiles, the measured grid load profiles from the Kazakh grid and measured data from the German grid are compared with the standardised load profiles.

Grids with night storage heaters as well as grids with and without distributed generators are investigated and evaluated in various scenarios by means of load flow calculations. The simulation of the investigated grids is carried out using the NEPLAN program.